Speight,2476 overland road, laramie, wy 820704808, usa 1. Betterquality gasoline usually contains a higher percentage of branchchain alkanes than the regular grade. This section deals with wurtz reaction,frankland reaction. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. A homologous series of alkanes may be formed by adding additional methylene groups ch 2. Petroleum refiners must face billiondollar investments in equipment in order to meet everchanging environmental requirements. Because the design and construction of new processing units entail several years lead time, refiners are reluctant to commit these dollars for equipment that may no longer meet certain conditions when the units come on stream. Sometimes, the absence of biodegradation is significant. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining 1st. Propane is the main component of liquified gas which, compressed in steel bottles, is being used as heating fuel. It delivers indepth coverage of todays petroleum refining technologies, methods, and best practices. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known as natural gas. This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming.
Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important substances in the world. It seems inevitable that the cost of hydrocarbon fuel will continue to rise as supply problems become more difficult. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. Organic chemistryalkanesethane wikibooks, open books. Intravenous or subcutaneous injection of petroleum compounds with intent of suicide or abuse is an extraordinary event that can result in local damage or systemic toxicity such as tissue necrosis, abscess formation, respiratory system failure. Kerosene contains c 10 to c 16 alkanes, while heating oil usually involves the c 12 to c 18 range. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g.
Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit. Their properties, manufacture, and uses are described. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives containing oxygen, sulphur,nitrogen and minor quantities of some other materials. This authoritative resource will prove essential for anyone who needs current, expertly written coverage of the latest developments in the petroleum refining process industry.
Paraffins refer to alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, n and iso butane, n and iso pentane. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. Alkanes a lthough this chapter is concerned with the chemistry of only one class of. Petroleum formed from the remains of microorganisms that lived in earths oceans millions of years ago. Natural gas is the principal source of methanes, ethanes, and propane.
Download in free pdf hydrocarbons are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. In this report, we present the various phasetransitions, which may occur in petroleum fluids, and we introduce a unified perspective of their phase behaviors. Butanes are recovered from natural gas and petroleum refining streams. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc. An overview of refinery products and processes fsc 432. Carbon atoms can form stable bonds to many other elements h, f, cl, br, i, o, n, s, p, etc. Within north america, recent demand for refined petroleum products has been flat to declining and is forecast to continue on this path. Chapter 1 alkanes 2 3 4 what do we mean by organic. Petroleum chemistry and refining applied energy technology.
Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products 161 james g. Propane is a very cleanburning fuel, producing mostly water and carbon dioxide during combustion. Among others, it was used as building material in mortar and in egypt for the embalmment of corpses. Dehydration and desalting of crudes, heating of crude pipe still heaters, distillation of petroleum, blending of gasoline. For making models of alkanes, you can use toothpicks for bonds and plasticine balls for atoms.
The desulfurization of heavy oils and residua, james g. American society for testing and materials 1974, annual book of astm standards, part 23, petroleum. The light gaseous hydrocarbons produced by catalytic cracking are highly unsaturated and are usually converted into highoctane gasoline components in polymerization or alkylation processes. Complex mixture of acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons petroleum refining refining. Most organic compounds contain a few hydrogens, and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.
Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color. Rao programme director petroleum courses jntuk introduction. Fundamentals of petroleum refining provides a thorough and balanced introduction to refinery engineering topics, from basic concepts and unit operations to overall refinery economics, planning and. The petrochemical industry, the industrial production of ethene activity 2. They have unique characteristics that set them apart from other chemical processes, including. Modeling petroleum processes petroleum refining processes are highly complex and integrated. It is a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. This is exemplified by discussing the applications of nanotechnology in several typical petroleum refining processes, including catalytic cracking, oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes, and. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane. Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products. We intermediate between petroleum refineriestrading companies and petroleum product users in subsaharan africa. The molecules most formed are the smaller alkanes used in petrol, such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane, the components of liquid petroleum gas. Over 600 refineries worldwide have a total annual capacity of more than 3500 x 106 tonnes.
In polymerization, the light olefins propylene and butylene are induced to combine, or polymerize, into molecules of two or three. Alkanes are less dense than water and swim on top of water 2. The series continues in this manner to include ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, butane c 4 h 10, among others. During the refining process, crude oil is separated into fractions having similar boiling points. Pressure and steam an interesting aspect of ethene production. In the petroleum processing industries, this revolution is no exception. It is a mixture of hundreds of different compounds. In many cases, graduates from the petroleum engineering department had to assume responsibilities in refining and petrochemical plants while many chemical engineers have been assigned jobs in the prospecting and oil field operations. However, the general trend for all crude oils is that the proportion of alkanes.
This fully revised fourth edition is a complete compendium of licensable technologies for the refining of petroleum and. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes paraffins, cycloalkanes naphthenes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds. The simplest alkane is methane ch 4, which consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 3040% gasoline. Crude oil distillation unit cdu is significant in refinery, and retrofitting a crude oil.
And there is yet no answer to what will happen when the worlds limited quantities of petroleum and coal are exhausted. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and alkylation processes, and. Encyclopedia of life support systems eolss, unesco. The seminar focuses on the core refining processes of fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming, although all major processes are covered. Hydrocarbon poisoning such as that of benzene and petroleum usually occurs accidentally by inhalation or ingestion of these cytotoxic chemical compounds. Over time, the remains formed thick layers of mudlike deposits on the ocean floor. The light hydrocarbons consist of olefins such as propylene and butylene and isoparaffins such as isobutane. Chapter 1 alkanes 6 11 whats so great about carbon. Petroleum refining petroleum refining polymerization and alkylation. Fundamentals of petroleum and petrochemical engineering.
The petrochemical industry, pressure and steam in ethene production. General methods of preparation of alkanes wurtz reaction. Petrochemical engineering petrochemical engineering i oil refinery processes presented by. Crosscutting issues for the chemical and petroleum refining. Natural gas mainly consists of methane, ethane and small amounts of propane. Chemically resistant masonry, walter lee sheppard, jr. Cracking of ethane and propane to produce ethylene. Petroleum refining, conversion of crude oil into useful products, including fuel oils, gasoline petrol, asphalt, and kerosene. In everyday usage, the word organic can be found in several different contexts. The complexity of the phase behavior in petroleum fluids is due to the existence of the variety and polydispersity of hydrocarbons and other organic molecules in them.
General methods of preparation of alkanes is the topic which has a potential of fetching a question in iit jee and jee mainadvanced examination very frequently. Chemical reactions of alkanes then will be discussed, with special emphasis on combus. Technologies of interest include highperformance liquid chromatography, crystallization, and zeolite and carbon molecular sieve membranes. Petroleum refinery engineering petroleum is a combustible oily liquid of reddish brown to almost black colour, produced from oilwells. Refined fractions obtained during petroleum processing are mentioned in the following table. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons. It also converts aromatics to cyclic alkanes, olefins to alkanes. Evaluation of petroleum, thermal properties of petroleum fractions, important products, properties and test methods. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss acetaldehyde 3. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be converted into gasoline. Process feedstocks, which consist of complex and wideboiling mixtures of hydrocarbons, whose exact compositions are unknown. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. Alkanes are found in nature mainly in natural gas and crude oil from which they are produced on a technical scale in large amounts by distillation and extraction.
Coal and coal tar can be utilized to produce alkanes, but the technology involved is more complex and costly than petroleum refining. The petroleum refining industry needs improved isomer separations, such as the separation of pxylene from other xylenes. Because they use only single bonds, alkanes contain the maximum number of. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining. Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Supported by numerous illustrations and references, this book describes the chemistry and physics that occur during the refinery operations, and how the properties of petroleum can be translated into predictability in refinery scenarios.
Thus the fractions taken contain mixtures of alkanes of similar boiling points see the table below. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and. Ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas, and as a byproduct of petroleum refining. Even longerchain alkanes are found in lubricating oil, c 15 to c 25 and paraffin wax used for candles and waxed paper, c 23 to c 29. For example, heavy petroleum distillate products can contain low proportions of normal alkanes and isoprenoids when they are removed during earlier phases of the refining process as components of the light and middlerange distillates figure 5. Mixtures of alkanes, fortunately, are perfectly suitable for uses as fuels, solvents, and lubricants, the primary uses of petroleum. Alkanes naturally occur in crude oil and are a major component of many fuels and solvents derived from petroleum.
Acetylenebased chemicals from coal and other natural resources, robert j. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that. The demand for gasoline is much greater than that supplied by the gasoline fraction of petroleum. The petrochemical industry, alkanes and alkenes activity 1. In its gas form, propane is heavier than air, which means that it will sink to the lowest point and pool there.
The chemistry and technology of petroleum, james g. A manual inspection using a swing ladder 3 onto the. Growing refining overcapacity has resulted in recent refin. Introduction, products, refinerys configurations, hydrogen technologies faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. Pdf nanotechnology applications in petroleum refining. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single. Alkylation, in petroleum refining, chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are combined to produce highoctane components of gasoline. For alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons, spring models can be constructed. In addition to carbon dioxide, water and heat a variety of. Use of crude oil crude oil itself is known for more than 2000 years and had many uses in the mediterranean countries where it was found. Catalysis of organic reactions, edited by william r.
In hydrocracking, crude oil is heated at very high pressure, usually around 5,000 kilopascals, in the presence of hydrogen, with a metallic catalyst such as platinum, nickel, or. Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons. Pdf nanotechnology has successfully gained applications in many areas of life. Cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts. Petroleum refining and the hydrocarbons chemistry libretexts. Mar 14, 2017 this fully revised fourth edition is a complete compendium of licensable technologies for the refining of petroleum and production of environmentally acceptable fuels and petrochemical intermediates. Crude oil is used to make fuels for transport heating generating electricity. Learn more about petroleum refining, including its history and the various processes used to create the different products. Although a more indepth discussion of chemical nomenclature is. Coal tar is an incredible mixture of compounds, mostly hydrocarbons, a substantial number of which are arenes. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.